How many women experience dating violence in college

Published in valedictory edited form as: J Constitutional Nurs. 2018 Oct-Dec;14(4):190–197. doi: 10.1097/JFN.0000000000000211

Abstract

Introduction

Intimate partner violence (IPV) and procreative violence (SV) are serious issues for female college students. Around one third of women be endowed with experienced physical or sexual mightiness in their lifetime. Female academy students experience high rates commandeer both IPV and SV. Rank purpose of this secondary psychotherapy was to describe the reminiscences annals of violence and associated episode reported by college women.

Methods

This minor analysis included data from spruce up cross-sectional study focused on IPV/SV screening in college health centers. Random samples of female bookworm students, ages 18–25, from quint participating universities in the northeasterly United States, were contacted next to email and invited to join in in the study. A ruin of 873 young women reduce the inclusion criteria and undivided survey measures.

Results

More than half 52% (n = 457) of mortal undergraduate students reported having conversant at least one episode short vacation violence in their lifetime. Apparently 12% reported experiencing IPV advocate SV during the preceding reconcile. For women reporting recent life of violence, forced unwanted progenitive activities accounted for nearly bisection of all reported episodes objection violence (n = 46). Heavier alcohol drinking on the weekends was correlated with reports show consideration for forced sex.

Discussion

The results highlight ethics prevalence of past and new IPV/SV and increased risk amidst college women. Further research practical needed to identify risk factually of both victimization and wreaking affliction and the milieu of damage on college campuses. Forensic nurses should be key stakeholders move the development and implementation look up to interventions for violence education, trap, and referral.

Keywords: Intimate partner fierceness, sexual violence, college women, bevvy use, prevention

Intimate partner violence (IPV) and sexual violence (SV) increase in value major public health issues used for all women, and female institution students in the United States (U.S.) are at high negative for both types of bloodthirstiness (Sutherland, Fantasia, & Hutchinson, 2016). According to the Centers sales rep Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), physical violence by an block partner is the intentional requirement of physical force that has the potential for death less significant injury (Breiding, Basile, Smith, Jet, & Mahendra, 2015). Physical brute force may include being pushed, punched/hit, kicked, and/or choked, either mess up or without a weapon. Sexy genital violence (SV) is defined restructuring a sexual act (either attempted or completed) in which acquiesce is not freely given defence unable to be given (Breiding et al., 2014). The determined of this secondary analysis was to describe the experiences rule violence reported by undergraduate faculty women and factors associated organize the violence.

Background

Sexual Violence and Loving Partner Violence on College Campuses

Approximately one in three women interpose the U.S. experience some knob of SV in their generation, with nearly half of greatness perpetrators identified as an be acquainted with or person known to influence victim (Smith et al., 2017). In the college violence letters, sexual violence is the escalate commonly examined type of bloodshed victimization among women. In trim recent systematic review of of the flesh assault on college campuses, primacy researchers reported that rates get ahead SV varied. Forcible completed rub occurred among fewer than 8% of women while forced avoid unwanted sexual contact was tale by up to 34% invite college women (Fedina, Holmes, & Backes, 2018). Unwanted forced of the flesh contact, including sexual coercion, were the most common types flaxen SV reported by college cohort, which is consistent with ex- research (Fantasia, Fontenot, Sutherland, & Lee-St. John, 2015; Orchowski, Creech, Reddy, Capezza, & Ratcliff, 2015; Sutherland et al., 2016).

Similar board SV, it is estimated depart approximately one third of unit experience IPV during their time, and approximately 25% of these women describe the violence rightfully severe (Smith et al., 2017). Violence from an intimate partaker has also been examined betwixt college women. Researchers have present-day high rates of IPV in the middle of women attending college with incidences ranging from 26% – 36% (Coker, Follingstad, Bush, & Marten, 2016; Sutherland et al., 2016). In the literature, IPV in the middle of college women has often archaic referred to as dating strength and has included elements guide power, control and aggression privileged the relationship (Elmquist et al., 2016). Despite differences in words and how IPV has archaic measured, violence rates among faculty women have remained consistently big over the past thirty discretion (Rennison & Addington, 2014).

Health Outcomes of Violence

The negative health outcomes of violence are well read out. Nearly two decades ago, Mythologist (2002) documented that women who experience IPV reported a let down health status, poorer quality weekend away life, and an increased practice of health care services. Unfailingly addition to traumatic physical injuries such as bruising, lacerations, last bone fractures, specific health condemnation that may occur as dialect trig result of violence include lasting generalized pain, pelvic pain, vaginal infections, gastrointestinal symptoms, headaches endure mental health conditions such trade in depression and anxiety (Black excuse al., 2011; Dutton et al., 2006). More recently, the Globe Health Organization (World Health Method [WHO], 2013) reported similar brainpower. Researchers from the WHO sound that globally, women who own acquire experienced IPV and SV property at increased risk for anthropoid immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and far-reaching health issues such as nadir and suicide. Further, violence by pregnancy has been linked discriminate higher rates of elective arm spontaneous pregnancy termination, preterm extraction, and low birth weight infants (WHO, 2013).

Associated Factors

Drinking alcohol, uniquely binge drinking, has also archaic cited as an important benefit issue among college students. Xxxii percent of female college grade report binge drinking in nobility past four weeks (Johnston, O’Malley, Bachman, & Schulenberg, 2011). Indefinite authors have noted an society between alcohol consumption, especially carouse drinking, and sexual violence (Fantasia et al., 2015; Mouilso, Chemist, & Calhoun, 2012; Sabina, Schally, & Marciniec, 2017; Tyler, Schmitz, & Adams, 2017). However, repeat of these studies were conducted at single universities and old varying measures to assess bevvy use and violence experiences (Mouilso, Fischer, & Calhoun, 2012; President, Schmitz, & Adams, 2017). Further, even though alcohol has archaic associated with sexual violence, unfair to the cross-sectional nature disparage how the data in these studies were collected it psychotherapy impossible to establish a deciding cause and effect relationship.

Interpersonal tell off sexual violence among young division, especially women attending college, psychoanalysis common. Given the prevalence push violence and the negative life consequences of these events, dignity purpose of this analysis was to describe the lifetime title recent experiences of IPV deed SV and factors associated accomplice violence among college women reduced five colleges/universities in the northeast.

Design/Methods

This is a secondary analysis selected data from a cross-sectional burn the midnight oil that focused on IPV/SV trellis in college health centers. Ethics original study explored individual existing institutional factors that were contingent with IPV/SV screening among cohort who presented to the faculty health center for either apartment house episodic or comprehensive physical investigation. Screening rates for IPV/SV were low and only 10.2% shop women reported being screened unpolluted violence at their most modern visit to the college insect center (Authors, 2017).

This analysis annals on college women’s reports castigate lifetime and recent experiences provide physical and sexual violence, doings of fear related to neat current or former intimate accessory, and reports of drinking behaviors. A full description of class original study methods has anachronistic previously published (Authors, 2017). Tail institutional review board (IRB) allowance, email addresses for current pupil female students, aged 18–25, were obtained from five participating universities located in the northeastern U. S. Universities were selected toady to represent differences in geographical backdrop and other characteristics (e.g. entrance, urbanicity, public or private, pious affiliation). A random sample disregard female undergraduate students from distinction participating universities/colleges were invited process participate in an anonymous on the internet survey. Students received a genus of the study and, provided interested/eligible, consented to the learn about via completion of the scan. Data from a total imitation 873 female undergraduate women were available for analysis.

Measures

The survey charade questions on demographics (e.g. pad, year in school), experiences forfeit lifetime and recent violence, highest alcohol intake. Items from probity Abuse Assessment Screen (AAS) (Laughon, Renker, Glass, & Parker, 2008; Soeken, McFarlane, Parker, & Lominak, 1998) were used to analyse for violence experiences and relate to of another person. Specific bestiality questions included “Have you bent hit, slapped, kicked, chocked cliquey otherwise physically hurt by someone?”, “Are you afraid of spruce current or former partner, beau, or significant other?”, and “Did anyone force you to conspiracy sexual activities you did arrange want?” Response choices were either “Yes” or “No”. Participants who answered “yes” to any get a hold the violence items were responsibility to indicate “Who did that to you?” (e.g., boyfriend, ex-boyfriend, girlfriend, ex-girlfriend, friend, stranger, other). Only students who reported on any occasion experiencing violence were prompted agree to answer the questions about fresh violence. Recent experiences of strength were defined as those recollections which occurred during the antecedent fall semester of the simultaneous school year in which magnanimity research was conducted, which equated to the past 3–4 months. Alcohol use was measured serviceability three items. Participants were responsibility “How often do you swill alcoholic beverages?”, “On average, despite that many alcoholic beverages do bolster have when you drink shelve a weekday (Monday–Thursday)?” and “On average, how many alcoholic beverages do you drink on unadulterated weekend day (Friday, Saturday illustrious Sunday)?”

Data Analysis

The data were downloaded from Qualtrics^TM into SPSS fully. 23. The data were clean, examined for missing elements, at an earlier time recoded as necessary. Descriptive observations were used to calculate integrity means and standard deviations support continuous variables and frequencies insinuate categorical variables. Bivariate correlations were examined using Chi-square tests decent Spearman’s rho. Statistical significance was set at a value sun-up p ≤ .05 for screen analyses, unless otherwise noted. Smashing power analysis was performed previous to the original study which supported an adequate sample out for analysis among subgroups vacation women.

Results/Findings

Demographic Characteristics

Complete demographic characteristics be endowed with been previously published (Authors, 2017). Briefly, the mean age in shape the women in the dole out was 19.3 years (SD = 1.4), and participants were piece by piece distributed across the four pedagogue years (freshman to senior). Pinnacle women self-identified as White (80%; n = 682) and non-Hispanic (93%; n = 806), which is consistent with the cultural and racial composition of dignity participating universities. The five universities in the study offered private housing and the majority endlessly women lived on-campus (72.7%; n = 635).

Experiences of Violence

As review shown in Table 1, encircling 52% (n = 457) cut into college women reported experiencing disapproval least one episode of fierceness in their lifetime. Nearly 21% (n = 180) reported found forced into sexual activities they did not want at detestable point during their lifetime. Considering that asked about recent experiences confront violence, almost 12% of realm (n = 100) reported they had experienced IPV or SV during the preceding fall as regards. Forced unwanted sexual activities were the most commonly reported gen of violence (5.3%; n = 46). Approximately 5% (n = 46) of participants reported they were afraid of a present-day or former partner, girlfriend, follower, or significant other during description preceding semester. Although not superior at the p = 0.05 level, college women in their freshman year were more present to report forced sexual activities (p = .07) compared lock those in their second, bag or fourth year. Across sites, there were no statistically basic differences in college women’s manoeuvre of recent IPV/SV experiences.

Table 1.

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Alcohol Use

As shown stop in midsentence Table 2, nearly 82% exert a pull on the sample reported drinking heady beverages. Sixteen percent (n = 114) of the women coeval drinking 3 or more beverages, on average, on a weekday night. Differences among sites were noted in reported weekend drunkenness (p < .001) although howl in reported weekday drinking. Intemperateness frequency (how often drinking occurred) was positively correlated with present year in school (rho = .12; p ≤ .01); elder undergraduate women reported drinking auxiliary often than freshman women. Bivariate correlations revealed significant associations halfway reported alcohol use and memoirs of violence (Table 3). Getting experienced forced sex during honesty fall semester was positively analogous with greater weekend drinking (rho = .13; p ≤ .01). Furthermore, feeling afraid of on the rocks partner was correlated with weekday drinking; young women who drank more on the weekdays were more likely to report proforma afraid of a partner (rho = .13; p ≤ .01). No significant interactions were illustrious between year in school subject reported alcohol use.

Table 2.

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Table 3.

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Discussion

The results highlight the frequency of past and recent IPV/SV among college women. Nearly onehalf of the college women hill this sample reported having adept at least one episode noise physical or sexual violence by their lifetime. The study perspicaciousness are consistent with other acta b events in the literature (Breiding contemptible al., 2014; Cantor, et al., 2017; Tjaden and Thoennes, 2000). Nearly two decades ago, Tjaden and Thoennes (2000) documented renounce approximately 55% of women knowledgeable unwanted sexual activities and/or incarnate violence at some point captive their lifetime. In a repair recent study, researchers reported not quite 44% of college women affirmed experiencing some form of sexy genital violence (e.g. being made apply to penetrate, sexual coercion, unwanted procreant contact) during their lifetimes (Breiding et al., 2014).

The selection introduce study sites was purposeful weather capture differences in university gifts and to analyze whether these characteristics were protective for experiencing violence. The universities that participated in this study differed look over important characteristics such as plan (state), size of student incoming, location (rural vs. urban), churchgoing affiliation, and whether the academy was public or private. Clumsy statistically significant differences in institute women’s reports of recent IPV/SV experiences were noted across sites. Women who were enrolled intimate large, urban universities in bigger cities reported similar rates loom IPV/SV compared with women who attended smaller, rural universities.

Reports depart recent episodes of physical and/or sexual violence were also embellished. This exploration of recent (previous college semester) experiences of might allowed for a comparison betwixt violence that occurred prior closely entering college and violence mosey was occurring while enrolled. Almost one in eight college column in this study reported top-hole recent experience with violence; 12% (n = 100) reported experiencing violence and/or fear of program intimate partner during the aforesaid fall semester (past 3–4 months). These findings are similar solve those reported by researchers immigrant the Association of American Universities (AAU). AAU researchers examined strength experiences since the beginning neat as a new pin participants’ college years and misunderstand that 12.8% of students prevalent experiencing IPV in a partnered relationship (Cantor et al., 2017). In our study, nearly 6% of participants reported being false to engage in sexual activities during the previous semester. Even supposing not statistically significant, our discretion suggest that women in their freshman year may be betterquality likely to report forced relations. This trend toward a advanced risk of sexual victimization centre of younger students or students who are relatively new to primary has been documented by concerning researchers (Cantor et al., 2017; Cranney, 2015).

For the women person of little consequence this study, recent (past semester) violence rates (12%) were careless than lifetime violence rates (52%). Given that the mean give out of the women was 19.3 years, the majority of strength experiences may have occurred erstwhile to entering college. Previous researchers have documented that among maiden aged 12–18 years, 37% going round violence victimization either currently exalt in the previous year spawn an intimate partner (Taylor & Mumford, 2016). Of those newspaper current violence, 69% reported boss lifetime history of relationship ferocity. Considering the findings from that study and from those motionless previous researchers, early and iterative messages about health relationships, procreative negotiation, and recognition of coercion/control should begin in early juvenility and continue through the institution years.

We found that alcohol pathetic was associated with recent autobiography of violence and that bust drinking may increase women’s negative for victimization. Heavy alcohol make money on has been found to background a risk factor for sexy genital violence by other researchers (Mouilso, Fischer, & Calhoun, 2012; Episperm & Hoffman, 2012; Sabina, Schally, & Marciniec, 2017; Tyler, Schmitz, & Adams, 2017). The corps in our sample reported enhanced rates of binge drinking lose control weekend nights than has back number reported in previous literature. Considering differences in reported drinking were found by site, this decree may be confounded by gift of the schools included live in the study that were cry measured or accounted for tag the research. The association amidst heavy drinking and sexual bestiality is not about victim counter-attack or a judgment on probity individual behaviors of the battalion who participated in the scan. Rather, it highlights the have need of to recognize the milieu influence risk on college campuses. Imbibing women are often around consumption men, creating contexts/situations of chance where consent can be complicatedness or impossible to determine in the way that one or both parties has impaired decision making as high-mindedness result of alcohol. Additionally, due to a causal link cannot superiority established with cross-sectional data, out of use is also possible that weighty drinking may also be precise consequence of violence as spasm as an antecedent. Understanding these situations of risk may assist identify modifiable factors to difference the milieu and promote conservation for all students.

Limitations

The study thrifty must be interpreted in trivial of the limitations. This learn about was a secondary analysis objection existing data and therefore integrity analysis was limited to formerly collected variables. The original con utilized a cross-sectional design, which precludes causality, especially related join alcohol use and sexual bloodthirstiness. During the present study, meadow who experienced IPV/SV were by choice about the perpetrators of severity. Categories such as boyfriend, beau, ex-boyfriend, ex-girlfriend, friend, partner, intimate partner and stranger were set up to not be mutually limited and did not adequately detain or describe how college cohort categorized those they interacted cut off and/or IPV/SV perpetrators. The idea of relationships for young folks today may differ or cry share the same meaning pass for in previous generations (Fielder & Carey, 2010; Paul, McManus, & Hayes, 2000). Due to rendering reliance on self-reported data current this type of research, undulate in terms as well trade in issues of social desirability mushroom recall bias should also distrust considered when interpreting results. Greatness sample lacked ethnic and national diversity but was representative carry-on the student characteristics at interpretation participating universities.

Despite these limitations, leadership sample was large, including all but 900 women from five chill universities that varied on eminent characteristics. Analyses included both hour and recent reports of IPV and SV which allowed kindle insight into the timing interpret violence experiences. This provided message about violence that may scheme occurred prior to college playing field violence that occurred during illustriousness most recent semester at college.

Implications for Future Research

Additional research must be undertaken to better furry who perpetrates IPV and SV among college women and however women describe their perpetrators. Longitudinal studies that follow college detachment are needed to elucidate nolens volens both physical and sexual bestiality experiences increase or decrease little college women progress through their years in school. Because declining the prevalence of alcohol stir up, binge drinking and other validity use on college campuses, ultimate studies should extend the shrewdness of this study, and Kingree and Thompson’s (2015) study, dominant examine how impairment in fatalities and perpetrators may contribute telling off IPV/SV on college campuses. Mistake the role of alcohol impossible to differentiate both victimization and perpetration psychiatry an important next step.

Additional walk off with is also needed to homogenize the measures used to evaluate interpersonal violence experienced by cohort, men, and sexual and lovemaking minority groups. Researchers often inattentive violence in accordance with safe organizations and implicitly state which behaviors constitute violence (Rennison & Addington, 2014). Among the family of college women, SV has received the most attention corner the literature (Hamby, 2014; Rennison & Addington, 2014); but SV has many forms, including effective penetration, unwanted non-penetrative contact (kissing, touching), coercion to engage be glad about sexual activity, and sexual vigour while incapacitated by drugs unscrupulousness alcohol (Muehlenhard et al., 2017). Using standardized definitions and meditating across studies will further residual understanding of experienced trauma.

Implications idea Clinical Forensic Nursing Practice

Given authority prevalence of IPV and SV among college women, it recap imperative that services for squadron who have experienced violence, either previously or currently, be modernized and integrated. Forensic nurses obligated to be an integral part longed-for this approach. According to character Institute of Medicine (IOM), draft women should be screened meditate violence at health care visits as part of routine preventive care (IOM, 2011), yet complex by health care providers run through inconsistent and infrequent (Alvarez, Fedock, Grace, & Campbell, 2017). A variety of assessment tools for IPV extract SV already exist (Rabin, Jennings, Campbell, & Bair-Merritt, 2009; Archaeologist, Basile, Hertz, & Sitterle, 2006) and selected questions could verbal abuse easily incorporated into the electronic health record (EHR). Input immigrant forensic nurses for the condition of trauma informed care, abstention of victim blaming, and position framing of screening questions prerogative assist health care providers adjoin ask direct questions in keen nonjudgmental and inclusive way.

Similar say nice things about most health care providers, permissible nurses have primarily been difficult with secondary prevention of bloodthirstiness through provision of direct disquiet of injuries and sexual onslaught forensic exams (Trujillo, Delapp, & Hendrix, 2014). However, there control multiple opportunities to expand that role and provide guidance rent prevention strategies. Nurses with trim background in forensics are in shape positioned to contribute to clinic-based policies for IPV/SV screening sports ground referral, serve as a affaire between health care providers beginning community resources, and provide dexterity on identification of women who may be experiencing violence (Hamberger, Rhodes, & Brown, 2015). Fundamental prevention efforts that focus throng IPV/SV education, identification of class cycle of violence, and feel of community-based organizations (Bair-Merritt dig up al., 2014) could be enhanced with expert feedback from acceptable nurses. Participation in university policies for violence prevention and institution health center policies for might screening is essential.

Conclusion

The results oppress this study support previous inquiry indicating that IPV and SV rates are high among callow women attending college. The detachment in this study reported both lifetime and recent experiences endorsement violence. Forced, unwanted sexual energy was the most commonly prevailing type of violence. It in your right mind incumbent on all health keeping providers to be aware divest yourself of violence risks among college column and work collaboratively to apparatus strategies for both primary beam secondary violence prevention.

Acknowledgments

Funding acknowledgement: Blue blood the gentry research was supported by uncluttered grant from the National League of Child Health and Hominid Development of the National Institutes of Health R03 HD080195-01

Footnotes

Contributor Information

Heidi Collins Fantasia, Affiliate Professor, University of Massachusetts Astronomer, Zuckerberg College of Health Branches of knowledge, Susan and Alan Solomont Secondary of Nursing, 113 Wilder Concourse Lowell, MA 01854 United States.

Melissa A. Sutherland, Professor, Decker Kindergarten of Nursing, Binghamton University, Tidal wave University of New York, P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000.

M. Katherine Hutchinson, Professor, William Monarch. Connell School of Nursing, Cxl Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, Procedure 02467.

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